For instance, we only need to look at ultra-easy monetary policy, low interest rates and improving economic growth to see that the risk of an unwelcome inflation shock is higher than perhaps at any time over the past five years. The development of forward guidance measures is a clear sign that central banking has evolved substantially from 2008 in the form of central bank regime change.
Inflation not the target
It appears that there is a growing consensus that inflation targeting is not the magical goal of monetary policy that many had once believed it to be and that full employment and financial stability are equally as important.
Given that monetary policy appears firmly focused on securing growth in the real economy – at perhaps the expense of inflation targets – we wanted to gauge the short and long-term inflation expectations of consumers across the UK, Europe and Asia.
The findings from our August survey, which polled over 8,000 consumers internationally, is available in our latest report here.
The results suggest consumers continue to lack confidence that inflation will decline below current levels in either the short or medium term. Despite evidence that short-term inflation expectations may be moderating in some countries, most respondents expect inflation to be higher in five years than in one year.
Confidence that the European Central Bank will achieve its inflation target over the medium term remains weak, while confidence in the Bank of England has risen.
The survey found that consumers in most countries continue to expect inflation to be elevated in both one and five years’ time. In the UK, inflation is expected to be above the Bank of England’s CPI target of 2% on a one- and five-year ahead basis.
All EMU countries surveyed expect inflation to be equal to or higher than the European Central Bank’s HICP target of 2% on a one- and five-year ahead basis. Long-term expectations for inflation have changed little in the three months since the most recent survey, with the majority of regions expecting inflation to be higher than current levels in five years.
Five countries expect inflation to be 3% or higher in one year: Austria, Hong Kong, Italy, Singapore and the UK.
Consumers in Austria, Germany and the UK have reported an increase in one-year inflation expectations compared with those of the last survey three months ago. This is of particular relevance for the UK, where the Bank of England has stated three scenarios under which the Bank would re-assess its policy of forward guidance.
The first of these ‘knockouts’ refers to a scenario where CPI inflation is, in the Bank’s view, likely to be 2.5% or higher over an 18-month to two-year horizon. Short-term inflation expectations in Singapore and Spain continued their downward trend in the latest survey results, registering their third straight quarter of lower expectations.
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Over a five-year horizon, the inflation expectations of consumers in Austria, Germany, Italy, Spain and Switzerland have risen. While inflation expectations in Switzerland remain at the lowest level in our survey at 2.8%, consumers have raised their expectations from 2.5% in February. Long-term inflation expectations in France and the UK remained stable at 3%.
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Meanwhile, consumers in Hong Kong and Singapore have the highest expectations, at 5%, although the Hong Kong number shows a decline from 5.8% three months ago.
